Bridgestone Marine Fender Design Manual

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Founded in 1931 by Shojiro Ishibashi, Bridgestone Corporation Ltd.Being a tire-maker company, Bridgestone also manufactures a diverse range of industrial products and chemical products. One of the strong areas in the industrial rubber fields, which Bridgestone has stamped its presence, is Marine Fender. With the performance of marine fenders scientifically evaluated, combined with severe quality control as in ISO9001 and PIANC (Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses) and technical back-up services. Marine fenders have been an indispensable product at various port facilities throughout the world. The demand for good and reliable quality fender systems is ever increasing. For more than 50 years, Bridgestone has played an important role to provide high quality marine fender systems to ports worldwide. With its state-of-the-art facilities and continuous investment in research and development work, Bridgestone diligently innovates and searches for the best fendering solutions. From cylindrical fenders to the advanced cell series fenders, Bridgestone prides itself for being able to bring genuine and value-added technology to its clients. Being the largest rubber-based company, Bridgestone understands rubber better than anyone else and leverages its expertise in rubber technology in marine fender systems. Bridgestone fenders are one of the original and most-trusted brands in the world. Equipped with world-class testing facilities and the most stringent testing procedures, Bridgestone fenders give you peace of mind wherever vessels berth. High durability and excellent quality are synonymous with Bridgestone fenders. This is well supported by impressive results of durability testing on our Super Cell (SUC) and Hyper Cell (HC) fenders. We can meet the rigorous requirements of PIANC. Moreover, Bridgestone fender is made from the finest and highest quality of natural rubber at ISO9001-certified manufacturing plants. http://bsntechnologies.com/uploadfiles/userfiles/brother-p-touch-xl-manual.xml

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Being a market leader in fendering solutions, Bridgestone has over 50 years of proven installations and has become the fender of choice. MARINE FENDER SYSTEMS Copyright 2011 Bridgestone Corporation 4 3. HYPER CELL FENDER (HC) The Hyper Cell fender is the highest evolution of the original Bridgestone cell series fenders introduced in 1969. Analytically designed, Hyper Cell fenders have a very complex shape, making the energy absorption and reaction force ratio effectively higher than Super Cell fenders of the same size. Advanced materials, cutting-edge technology and advanced testing facilities play a pivotal role in the success of the Hyper Cell fender. Since 1996, Hyper Cell fenders have been in service at ports around the world. Specifically, Hyper Cell fenders are very popular at Container Terminals due to its durability and performance. Similar to Super Cell fenders, Hyper Cell fenders are typically designed with fender panels to allow for better distribution of stress across the hull surface. The 50 years of experience in fendering solutions certainly help make Hyper Cell a better product. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. Report this Document Download Now save Save 1.0. Bridgestone Marine Fender Systems Catalogue V. For Later 100 (1) 100 found this document useful (1 vote) 777 views 104 pages 1.0. Bridgestone Marine Fender Systems Catalogue Ver. 1.00-Sc Uploaded by andrie agaliksi Description: fender bridgestone katalog Full description save Save 1.0. Bridgestone Marine Fender Systems Catalogue V. For Later 100 100 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 104 Search inside document Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language. Copyright 2011 Bridgestone Corporation 3 MARINE FENDER SYSTEMS 3. http://akvari-um.ru/userfiles/brother-p-touch-ql-550-manual.xml

HYPER CELL FENDER (HC) The Hyper Cell fender is the highest evolution of the original Bridgestone cell series fenders introduced in 1969. Our manufacture factory MaxGroups, Neumaticos Bridgestone hydraulic hose - Bridgestone Corporation hose - Bridgestone Corporation Marine Fender Systems Rubber Fenders Modular Fenders. MV-elements are the foundation of many marine Bridgestone OTR Databook2009 Marine Fender Catalog Marine Fenders - Portal AECweb Fenders. 2 Version 001d. TJCQ Pneumatic Fender 40 TJHF Hydropneumatic Fender 43 TJZD-A Wheel Fender 44. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Today Bridgestone is the world’s largest rubber manufacturing company, operating in over 150 countries and with over 170 manufacturing facilities worldwide. Diversified products account for approximately 20 of annual sales. One of the cornerstone products for diversified products is Marine Fender. Bridgestone is proud of our supply history and reputation within the industry. All marine fenders from Bridgestone are scientifically evaluated and are subject to rigorous in-house quality control. Bridgestone is ISO9001 accredited, designs to internationally recognized standards and guidelines including PIANC 2002, and has complete technical back-up services available. With our state-of-the-art facilities and continuous investment in research and development work, Bridgestone diligently innovates and searches for the best fendering solutions. RPD is introduced to simulate the decreasing velocity of actual berthing conditions. The Differences between Conventional Method and PIANC 2002 RPD Conventional Method PIANC 2002 Constant-Slow-Velocity Method Decreasing Velocity Method Compression Velocity The large difference in compression velocity between the constant-slow-velocity and the decreasing velocity method causes a corresponding difference in the performance data of the fender. http://www.drupalitalia.org/node/76793

The reaction force and energy absorption of rubber, being a viscoelastic material, will be higher when it is compressed with a higher velocity. According to PIANC 2002 there are 2 ways to obtain RPD. 1) Method CV 2) Method DV Bridgestone has selected the Method CV in its fender testing program to comply with PIANC 2002. Below is an extract from page 52 of the PIANC 2002 Guidelines which describes Method CV. -SOFTCOPY VERSION- 4 To obtain RPD as per PIANC 2002, a Velocity Factor must be established, as described in the above text. The Velocity Factor can be obtained by scale model tests. Bridgestone has renamed Velocity Factor to RPD Factor. An example of the effect on the performance curve is as below. Being one of the world’s largest rubber-based company, Bridgestone understands rubber better than anyone else and leverages this expertise in rubber technology to marine fender systems. Bridgestone fenders are one of the original and most-trusted brands in the world. Equipped with world-class testing facilities and stringent testing procedures, Bridgestone fenders give you peace of mind wherever vessels berth. We meet the rigorous requirements of PIANC. Moreover, Bridgestone fenders are made from the premium quality of rubber at ISO9001certified manufacturing plants fully owned and operated by Bridgestone. To ensure reliability of Marine Product, Shell has adopted the Technical Accepted Manufacturers and Products (TAMAP) list which covers manufacturers of various marine equipments from around the world. In 2010, Bridgestone were invited for evaluation of their marine fenders as this item was seen as an important element for their operation. This further substantiated that Bridgestone is recognized as the pioneer manufacturer of top quality product and engineering services. Marine Fender Manufacturer Versus Fender Traders There is a trend for some companies to move towards subcontract style of business for the supply of the rubber fender body. https://1866ilovejunk.com/images/bridgeport-series-11-manual.pdf

Hence, it is important to highlight that Bridgestone fenders are manufactured in Bridgestone’s 100 owned and operated fabrication plant located in Shenyang, China. This plant specializes in molded products, which includes our marine fenders, rubber tracks, and other product lines. Annual throughput exceeds 8000 tons of rubber. Bridgestone, being the manufacturer, can secure a high level of quality control in the manufacturing process. Moreover, data integrity such as rubber properties and fender testing performance can be assured. -SOFTCOPY VERSION- 8 HYPER CELL FENDER (HC) The Hyper Cell fender is the highest evolution of the original Bridgestone cell series fenders introduced in 1969. Specifically, Hyper Cell fenders are very popular at Container Terminals due to their durability and performance. Fender performance is subject to the tolerance of max 10 for Reaction Force and -10 for Energy Absorption. Thousands of Super Cell fenders have been in service at ports in more than 50 countries, greatly contributing to the economical design of marine facilities. From the smallest SUC400H to the world’s largest fender the SUC3000H, Super Cell fenders meet almost all fendering needs at ports around the world. Bridgestone Super Cell fenders are unique, having a high energy absorption to reaction force ratio as one of its salient features. They are cylindrical in shape with two steel mounting plates firmly bonded to both ends of the main rubber column during vulcanization. The fender performance is developed by compression and column buckling. This V shape fender offers higher performance than the prior Bridgestone V-Type fenders including Super M and Super Arch Fenders. Dyna Arch Fenders are particularly suitable for small harbour and applications where vessel projections are encountered during berthing. Its unique application utilizes both the assembly of frontal pads and frontal frame. Fender performance is on per meter length basis. https://www.medicalart.com.tr/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/162878b0f72bfd---calculadora-casio-fx-9860g-sd-manual.pdf

These fenders replace the original 150H and 200H Super Arch (SA) fenders. Light-Duty Dyna Arch has a more stable shape than its predecessor. This ensures higher durability which in turn helps the user to reduce long-term maintenance cost. Light-Duty Dyna Arch fenders are particularly suitable for lightweight applications such as accommodating smaller and lighter vessels. Replacement of existing 150H or 200H Super Arch fenders is straight forward as the original bolting pitch is maintained. Non-standard length, profiles and bolting patterns are available upon request. In addition, damages to both the wharf structures and vessels berthing on wharfs installed with tires or timber are common. Therefore, the demand is increasing for fenders with higher impact absorption and wider area protection. Bridgestone is responding to this need by offering a full line of fenders and associated spare parts for small wharves. Length L (m) Approx. C2 nxP H L Fixing Bolt N - Md PERFORMANCE AND DIMENSIONS Fender Size Energy Absorption (kN-m) H A W1 W2 L (m) Approx. H L1 Light-Duty Dyna Arch (DA) Fixing Bolt N - Md L Energy Absorption (kN-m) H A W1 W2 L (m) Approx. Bolt size of M20 is used for T100H with 500mm length. C H L Fixing Bolt N - Md PERFORMANCE AND DIMENSIONS Fender Size Energy Absorption (kN-m) H A W1 W2 L (m) Approx. Appendix -SOFTCOPY VERSION- 60 W FENDER (W230H) W fenders have a wide contact surface and provide low surface pressure, an innovation made with Dyna Slide technology and Bridgestone’s original W fenders that are widely supplied all across Japan. Combining a W200 fender and 30mm thick UHMW-PE pads through well controlled vulcanization processes, the superior product of W230H was produced. ? PERFORMANCE AND DIMENSIONS Fender Size W230H 40.0 (Rated Deflection) Reaction Force (kN) 107 H Energy Absorption (kN-m) 6.71 230 W1 W2 600 24 T U 24 L 30 2000 Approx. www.cn-zsm.com/d/files/94-cadillac-seville-owners-manual.pdf

FEA Model for W Fender -SOFTCOPY VERSION- C 200 n 2 P 800 Hyper Cell Fender (HC) 61 WHARF HEAD PROTECTOR (HT20H) Super Cell Fender (SUC) Wharf head protector minimizes scraping damage to vessels and wharf heads caused by rising and falling tides. Dyna Arch Fender (DA) L W1 Light-Duty Dyna Arch (DA) W2 W1 W1 W2 W1 L H1 FOR EXISTING CONCRETE H2 FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION ANCHOR M12 H1 H1 ANCHOR M12 Type of wharf H1 H2 W1 W2 t New Construction 20 22 100 102 0.5 to 1.8 Existing Concrete 20 - 100 102 0.5 to 1.0 Small Craft Fenders DIMENSIONS The Accessories Of Fender System Note: 1. All units in mm unless otherwise stated. Bridgestone design of these accessories complies with stringent quality control procedures. The typical accessories assembly of Hyper Cell Fender is shown as follows. Tension Chain (If Necessary) Hyper Cell Fender Anchor Bolt Shear Chain (Optional) Steel Mount U-Anchor Weight Chain (If Necessary) Frontal Frame Anchor Bolt Frontal Pad Pad Fixing Bolt Note: 1. Chain and pad arrangement illustrated is typical, but will vary depending upon job site conditions. Bridgestone should be consulted for the final layout. 2. All colors shown are for identification purposes only. The actual offer may differ. Please consult Bridgestone for further information regarding the standard colors available. {-Variable.fc_1_url-

MAJOR ACCESSORIES Accessory Typical Functions Anchor Bolt Attaches the fender to the wharf or structure Frame Fixing Attaches the frontal frame to the fender Frontal Frame Protects the vessel hull by regulating the average contact pressure Frontal Pad Reduces the friction coefficient to protect the vessel hull Shear Chain Restrains shear deflection of fenders (Optional) Tension Chain Restrains extension of fenders (If necessary) Weight Chain Supports the frontal frame weight (If necessary) -SOFTCOPY VERSION- Hyper Cell Fender (HC) 65 FRONTAL FRAME The frontal frame can be chamfered or cornered at the top, bottom or side edges, depending on the types of vessels and hull design considerations, the most typical being hull belting. Dyna Arch Fender (DA) There are 2 types of frontal frame constructions, either open or closed. Closed frames are also sometimes known as boxed frames. Generally, the open type frontal frame facilitates the ease of checking of the internal structure whereas the closed type is relatively superior in corrosion protection. Super Cell Fender (SUC) Cell series fender systems (Hyper Cell or Super Cell) are typically designed with frontal frame. The frontal frame helps to reduce the concentrated load acting on the vessel hull by distributing the force across the flat frame surface. The frontal frame size can be altered so that the average hull pressure does not exceed the allowable hull pressure requirements, effectively protecting the vessel hull. The number and weight of the anode is determined by the number of years of protection desired. Research, Development And Testing Facilities (1): Black Marine Fender Design Guildeline Surface Preparation The Accessories Of Fender System Protective coating is essential to safeguard the frontal frame performance under the corrosive marine conditions. http://www.northamericatalk.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/162878b1e7fcdc---calculadora-cientifica-casio-fx-82tl-manual.pdf

An epoxy protective coating system is recommended in accordance with ISO 12944 (1), which complies with the expected durability of “High” under the seawater splash zone environment. Small Craft Fenders Open Frame:without back plate Please consult Bridgestone for the specification of anodes. Appendix -SOFTCOPY VERSION- 66 FRONTAL PAD AND FIXINGS The Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylene pads are fixed to the face of the frontal frame to minimize surface friction when the frontal frame comes into contact with the vessel hull. There are 2 types of pads - flat pads and corner pads, with size up to 1000 mm x 1000 mm depending on the orientation and size of the designed frontal frame. Typically, black or blue UHMW polyethylene pads are offered. Non-typical pad properties are available upon request. Pads and fixings on the frontal frame The Pad Fixings Bridgestone has an unique pad fixings design that improves on the conventional stud bolt design where the stud bolt is easily damaged during handling. The M16 fixing bolts are used to fix the frontal pads to the welded nuts on the faceplate of the frontal frame. The below shows the crosssectional view of pad fixings for both open and closed frontal frames. Bolt Welded Nut Pad Bolt Face Plate Open Type Pad Fixings Welded Nut Pad Face Plate Closed Type Pad Fixings -SOFTCOPY VERSION- Bridgestone marine fender systems can be easily installed regardless of wharf types: be it new or existing, a steel structure or a concrete structure. Typically, Bridgestone Super Bolts are used for new concrete structure and standard resin anchors are used for existing concrete structure. For new or existing steel structure, conventional bolts are usually used. Dyna Arch Fender (DA) In the case of Super Bolts, the embedded portion will be cast into the concrete, providing a threading part (sleeves) in which the bolt is installed. cmf-inc.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/94-cadillac-service-manual.pdf

For resin anchors, the bolt is secured to the concrete structure with the chemical resins acting as a bonding agent. The below diagrams provide an illustration on the fixing mechanism of Super Bolts and resin anchors. Super Cell Fender (SUC) ANCHORS AND FRAME FIXINGS Anchor Fixing Hyper Cell Fender (HC) 67 Light-Duty Dyna Arch (DA) Small Craft Fenders Frame fixings enable the frontal frame to be fixed on the fender body. Different types of fenders require different types of frame fixings and fixing arrangement. The below diagrams illustrate the frame fixings configurations for Super Cell (SUC) fenders and Hyper Cell (HC) fenders. The Accessories Of Fender System Frame Fixing Marine Fender Design Guildeline Research, Development And Testing Facilities Marine Fender Verification Appendix -SOFTCOPY VERSION- 68 Typical Super Bolt Dimensions H G2 G1 SIZE i Y(HEX) i L L G2 Approx. Mass (kg) M20 16 30 10 140 24 140 0.8 Nut Anchor M22 20.2 34 10 145 28 145 1.0 M24 22.3 36 10 170 30 170 1.2 M27 24.7 41 10 190 32 190 1.7 M30 26.4 46 10 210 38 210 2.3 M36 31.9 55 10 260 46 260 4.1 M42 34.9 65 10 330 55 330 6.0 M48 38.9 75 10 400 60 400 8.6 M56 45.9 85 10 480 65 480 13.5 M64 52.4 95 10 515 75 515 18.6 -SOFTCOPY VERSION- Note: 1. All units in mm unless otherwise stated. 2. Bolt length and washer size may differ in accordance with the fixing application. Hyper Cell Fender (HC) 69 CHAIN SYSTEM AND CHAIN FIXING ANCHOR Common Link Adj. Shackle There are 2 types of chain fixings generally installed on the wharf structure, as described below: U-Anchor Small Craft Fenders Chain Fixing Anchor Light-Duty Dyna Arch (DA) Typical Chain Arrangement Dyna Arch Fender (DA) SB Shackle Super Cell Fender (SUC) The chain system is comprised of the combination of shackles and common links secured between the frontal frame and the chain fixing point on the wharf structure. A typical chain system is designed with a safety factor of 3 against the breaking load. An adjustable shackle may be included depending on the functionality of the chain in the marine fender system design. U-Anchors are used with new concrete structure. Brackets are used with existing concrete structure. Research, Development And Testing Facilities Typically, the bracket is secured to the wharf by using resin anchors or steel structure by using bolt, nut and washer. Marine Fender Design Guildeline Bracket The Accessories Of Fender System For further embedding strength, the U-anchor can be welded to the structural reinforcement bars before casting. The berthing speeds depend on the approach conditions, the exposure of the berth and size of vessel. PIANC adopts deadweight tonnage of vessel (DWT), but BS 6349 adopts displacement tonnage of vessel (DT) for X-axis of velocity graph. This volume is equivalent to d ? d ? Lpp. Seawater Therefore the Mass coefficient (Cm) can be calculated by the following formula:.Cm is given by the formula: The Accessories Of Fender System Where: Lpp B d Small Craft Fenders Light-Duty Dyna Arch (DA) Seawater 76 ECCENTRICITY FACTOR (Ce) Typically a vessel berths with either the bow or stern at an angle to the wharf or dolphin. The initial contact, or berthing point, is at one location along the vessel hull. At the time of berthing, the vessel will rotate around this berthing point. For this reason, the total kinetic energy held by the vessel is consumed partially in its turning energy and the remaining energy is conveyed to the wharf. This remaining energy is obtained from the kinetic energy of a vessel corrected with the eccentricity factor, Ce. Ce may be calculated by the following equation. Marine Fender Design Guildeline The softness coefficient allows for the portion of the impact energy that is absorbed by the elastic deformation of the ship’s hull. Little research into energy absorption by a vessel hull has taken place, but it has been generally accepted that the value of Cs lies between 0.9 and 1.0. A hard fender system can be considered one in which the deflections of the fenders under impact from design vessels are less than 0.15m. Research, Development And Testing Facilities A soft fender system has fender deflections greater than 0.15m under the same impacts. Marine Fender Verification Appendix -SOFTCOPY VERSION- 78 CONFIGURATION COEFFICIENT (Cc) The berth configuration coefficient allows for the portion of the ship’s energy, which is absorbed by the cushioning effect of water trapped between the ship’s hull and the quay wall. The value of Cc is influenced by the type of quay construction, the distance from the side of the vessel, the berthing angle, the shape of the ship’s hull, and the under keel clearance. This is to account for the scenario of accidental occurrences. Some reasons for abnormal impacts can be mishandling, malfunction, exceptionally adverse wind or current, or a combination of factors. The factor for abnormal impact may be applied to the berthing energy as calculated for a normal impact to arrive at the abnormal berthing energy. This factor should enable reasonable abnormal impacts to be absorbed by the fender system without damage. It would impracticable to design for an exceptionally large abnormal impact and it must be accepted that such an impact could result in damage. Size Factor of Abnormal Berthing Tanker and Bulk Cargo Largest Smallest 1.25 1.75 Container Vessel Largest Smallest 1.5 2.0 General Cargo - 1.75 Ro-Ro and Ferries - 2.0 or higher Tugs, Work Boats, etc - 2.0 Type of Vessel The table above is introduced in PIANC guidelines as general guidance. It may not be applicable if the abnormal approach velocity is already adopted for design. As mentioned in PIANC guidelines, it would not be practicable to design for an exceptionally large abnormal impact and it must be accepted that such an impact could result in damage. -SOFTCOPY VERSION- Hyper Cell Fender (HC) 79 MULTIPLE-FENDER CONTACT Super Cell Fender (SUC) The study of multiple fender contact allows the optimum fender system to be designed. There are two possible scenarios of vessels coming into contact with multiple fenders: Even No. Vessel hull radius determines the number of fenders that can be contacted and the wharf clearance, k at a specified fender pitch. Generally, British Standard: Maritime Structures, BS 6349 Part 4 is used as a reference to estimate the fender pitch by considering the minimum vessel length. An additional consideration is that the clearance between vessel hull and wharf, k should be kept at a safe distance. Appendix -SOFTCOPY VERSION- Marine Fender Verification Summing the performance of the individual fenders in a multiple - fender contact results in a Combined Energy Absorption (EAC). The entire system EAC shall equal or exceed the berthing energy of the vessel. Research, Development And Testing Facilities Above is the conventional Hull Radius formula that is widely used in the marine fender industry For continuous wharves, the quantity of fenders in contact with the vessel hull depends on the fender pitch. Larger-than-required pitches may result in insufficient energy absorption or the vessel hull hitting the wharf structure. On the other hand, smaller-than-required pitches may result in uneconomical marine fender systems being designed. Marine Fender Design Guildeline Fender Pitch (P) The Accessories Of Fender System The distance H is related to the total fender pitch S and hull radius R as follows. Hull Radius (R) Small Craft Fenders G2 G1 Vessel k j P Wharf A A-A Vessel P Wharf Plan View S Dyna Arch Fender (DA) Wharf S P 80 DESIGN BY BERTH CONSIDERATIONS Allowable Maximum Reaction Force The allowable reaction force varies from berth to berth. Typically a pile-constructed wharf or dolphin has a low limit of allowable reaction force compared to the gravity wharf. The reaction force of a selected fender should be less than the maximum allowable reaction force (Rmax). Allowable Installation Area The fendering system must be designed to fit the available mounting area on the wharf. The minimum area for installing Super Cell Fender or Hyper Cell Fender is determined by the flange diameter. For arch-type fenders, the minimum area for installation is governed by the width and length of the fender legs. For designs having chains these must also be accounted for in the mounting area. As a general rule the distance from the edge of the concrete to the outermost anchor position (Lc) shall be equal to or larger than the length of the embedded anchor bolts (L). Please refer to the below diagram for clarity. L 800 Lc 1150 1342 Lc MIN. REQ. MIN. REQ. 1340 Lc HC1150H 1800 MIN. REQ. 1600 L Lc Concrete Structure Lc Concrete Structure 00 18 Lc 2400 1800 MIN. REQ. O2000 Lc Fender Flange Dia. Anchor Position.D. P.C Lc 1600 SUC1600H -SOFTCOPY VERSION- Anchor Position Fender Flange DA-A800H 2040 MIN. REQ. Lc L Lc Concrete Structure Lc O1725 P.C.D.O1550 Lc MIN. REQ. Fender Flange Dia. Anchor Position Super Cell Fender (SUC) Allowable Standoff of Fender System Clearance Vessel On the other hand, it is important to ensure that on rated compression of the fender system the vessel is kept in a safe clearance from any protruding section of the wharf structure. WHARF Dyna Arch Fender (DA) There are cases where wharf equipment such as loading arms, gantry cranes, vehicle ramps, etc., will govern the distance the vessel can be from the wharf face and therefore the size of fender that can be installed. In such cases multiple fenders may overcome the size limitation imposed by a single larger fender body. Hyper Cell Fender (HC) 81 Light-Duty Dyna Arch (DA) If pertinent design information is available or pre-determined please inform Bridgestone to ensure optimum design output. See below for the types of information that is helpful. In general, all tires on the vehicle \nshould be the same speed rating and replacement tires should have a speed rating equal to or \ngreater than the speed rating of the OE tires. Typical speed ratings for passenger car and light \ntruck tires are listed in the table at the bottom of the page. Note the following guidelines and \nexceptions: \n \n To avoid reducing the speed capability of the vehicle, replace a speed rated tire \nonly with another tire having at least the same speed rating. Replacement tires may be speed rated, if desired. \nNon-speed rated tires are usually for ordinary passenger or light truck service and not for \nhigh speed driving. \n \n For winter tires, it is generally acceptable to apply a tire with a lower speed rating than the \nOE tire for use in winter conditions; however, speed should be reduced accordingly. All \nwinter tires applied should be the same speed rating. Thus, care should be taken when mixing tires of different speed ratings on \nthe same vehicle. Furthermore, these tires have different load index tables for standard \nload and reinforced (extra load) versions. Carefully utilize the correct table. \n \n P-metric (and LT-metric and High Flotation) tires do not use load index values to \nidentify their load capacity at various inflation pressures. For these tires, the load index \nis not an absolute indicator of the tire's load capacity. \n \n Euro-metric standard load tires may have more than one load index per size. A reinforced or extra load tire provides higher maximum \nload capacity than a standard load tire of the same size; however: \n \n Reinforced or extra load tires require higher inflation pressure to attain the added \nload capacity.